Fig. 4

a The impact of various treatment approaches on MDA, antioxidant activities, and capacity across all research groups. F represents the ANOVA test value. 1–8. GR (mU/ml), GSH (mg/dl), GST (U/ml), GPx (mU/ml), SOD (U/ml), CAT (mU/ml), TAC (mM/L), MDA (nmol/ml): F(p) = 100.575 (< 0.001*), 433.374 (< 0.001*), 1.291E3 (< 0.001*), 2.947E4 (< 0.001*), 3.737E6 (< 0.001*), 1.617E5 (< 0.001*), 3.312E3 (< 0.001*), 9.635E4 (< 0.001*). ^a,b,c,d,e Significant with (untreated prostate cancer group, non-activated EP@RRBP-CNP-treated group, X-ray subjected group, ultrasound subjected group, X-ray + ultrasound group). b The impact of various treatment approaches on hepatic and renal biomarkers and tissues histopathology across all research groups. F represents the ANOVA test value. ALT (U/l), AST (U/l), urea (mg/dl), creatinine (mg/dl): F(p) = 5.718E3 (< 0.001*), 1.562E5 (< 0.001*), 4.359 E3 (< 0.001*), 432.564 (< 0.001*). H&E stained liver and kidney tissues. 1. Normal untreated group, 2. MNU/testosterone induced PCa group untreated, 3. PCa group subjected to EP@RRBP-CNP without activation, 4. PCa group subjected to X-ray only, 5. PCa group subjected to X-ray in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP, 6. PCa group subjected to ultrasound only, 7. PCa group subjected to ultrasound in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP, 8. PCa group subjected to combined modalities X-ray/ultrasound only, 9. PCa group subjected to combined modalities X-ray/ultrasound in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP. ^a,b,c,d,e Significant with (untreated prostate cancer group, non-activated EP@RRBP-CNP-treated group, X-ray subjected group, ultrasound subjected group, X-ray + ultrasound group). c The impact of various treatment modalities on the relative gene expressions of TNF alpha, Bax, Caspase (9,3), p53, VEGF, and Bcl-2 as measured by qRT-PCR in each research group. F represents the ANOVA test result. p53, Bax, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, TNFalpha, VEGF, Bcl-2: F(p) = 465.019 (< 0.001*), 511.948 (< 0.001*), 960.242 (< 0.001*), 1.123E3 (< 0.001*), 362.922 (< 0.001*), 188.811 (< 0.001*), 201.020 (< 0.001*). ^a,b,c,d,e Significant with (untreated prostate cancer group, non-activated EP@RRBP-CNP-treated group, X-ray subjected group, ultrasound subjected group, X-ray + ultrasound group). d The H&E-stained segment of prostate tissue in all research groups, which illustrates the impact of various treatment regimens at the cellular level; ventral (VP), dorsolateral (DLP), and anterior (AP) prostate lobes. 1. Normal prostate untreated group, 2. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group untreated, 3. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to EP@RRBP-CNP without activation, 4. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to X-ray only, 5. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to X-ray in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP, 6. MNU/testosterone induced PCa group subjected to ultrasound only, 7. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to ultrasound in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP, 8. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to combined modalities X-ray/ultrasound only, 9. MNU/testosterone-induced PCa group subjected to combined modalities X-ray/ultrasound in presence of EP@RRBP-CNP