Fig. 1

Tumor tropism and direct oncolysis. Oncolytic viruses can specifically infect tumor cells through surface entry receptors, which is a prerequisite for oncolytic viruses as cancer immunotherapy. After the viral protein is assembled, OVs can directly lyse the tumor and release viral particles and tumor antigens. This process can also activate immune cells to kill cancer cells, characterized by the release of danger-associated molecular pattern signals (DAMPs), PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)