Fig. 4

Effect of artemisinin (ART) and artemisinin-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles (ART-PLA NPs) on the colonic levels of the inflammatory markers NF-kB-p65, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 in the studied groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistically significant differences were observed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ns = not significant)