Table 1 Results of GC–mass analysis of the essential oil of F. vulgare

(1R)-(+)-α-Pinen

C₁₀H₁₆

6. 233

2.631

–

–

4-Carene

C₁₀H₁₆

6. 678

0.617

–

–

beta-phellandrene

C₁₀H₁₆

7. 490

0.369

–

–

Sabinene

C₁₀H₁₆

7. 544

0.884

Anti-inflammatory

Lima et al. (2016)

beta-pinene

C₁₀H₁₆

8. 077

1.038

Antibacterial

Lima et al. (2016)

alpha-phellandrene

C₁₀H₁₆

8. 460

0.512

Antibacterial

Boevé et al. (2023)

D-Limonene

C₁₀H₁₆

9. 403

12.291

Antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor

Bai et al. (2016)

3-Carene

C₁₀H₁₆

9. 565

0.583

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer

Shu et al. (2020)

1,4-Cyclohexadiene,

1-methyl-

C₇H₁₀

10. 170

0.380

–

–

L-Fenchone

C₁₀H₁₆O

11. 216

12.234

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antifungal, antinociceptive, and bronchodilator

Kang et al. (2019)

Bicyclo [2. 2. 1]heptane containing N,N′-diarylsquaramide

C₁₀H₁₆

11. 979

0.136

Anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial

Kang et al. (2019)

2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

C₁₀H₁₆

12. 216

1.377

–

–

Bicyclo [2. 2. 1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-

C₁₀H₁₆O

12. 602

1.020

–

–

3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-

C₁₀H₁₈O

13. 506

0.136

–

–

Estragole

C₁₀H₁₂O

14. 197

10.778

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and macrophage

Roy et al. (2018)

Bicyclo [2. 2. 1]heptan-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-

C₁₂H₁₂O

14. 969

0.569

–

–

2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-

C₁₀H₁₆O

15. 459

9.156

–

–

Anethole

C₁₀H₁₂O

16.705

35.194

Antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Nasır and Yabalak (2021)

Copaene

C₁₅H₂₄

18.461

0.218

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory

Kang et al. (2019)

2-Propanone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-

C₁₀H₁₂O

18.609

0.133

–

–

1H-Cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa[1,2]benzene

C₁₅H₂₄

18.740

0.186

–

–

Bicyclo [4. 4. 0]dec-1-ene, 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene-

C₁₅H₂₄

19.354

0.172

–

–

Tricyclo [3. 3. 1. 1^3,7] decane, tricyclo [3. 3. 1. 1^3,7]decylidene-

C₂₀H₂₈

20.059

0.186

–

–

Tricyclo [3. 3. 1. 1^3,7] decane, tricyclo [3. 3. 1. 1^3,7]decylidene-

C₂₀H₂₈

20.636

0.240

–

–

Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-

C₁₅H₂₄

21.452

0.105

–

–

Apiol

C₁₂H₁₄O₄

23.411

0.255

Antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, abortifacient, acaricidal, phytotoxic, antitumor, and antiproliferative agents

Kang et al. (2019)