Fig. 8

Drug release patterns: A ethanolic extract of F. vulgare (FX), B ethanolic extract of selected callus tissue sample (CFX), C quercetin, D essential oil of F. vulgare (EO), and E anethole encapsulated in PLA–chitosan (CP) and PLA–PEG–HA/PLA–chitosan (PPHCP) nanoparticles at two different pH values (pH=7.4 and 5). Accurate and comprehensive analysis of drug release patterns will not only help in better understanding the performance of drugs but also in designing new formulations and optimizing treatments based on patient needs