Fig. 6

Apoptosis analysis using flow cytometry. A, B Flow cytometry diagrams of control and treated (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) A2780 cells. Q1: necrotic cells, Q2: late apoptotic cells, Q3: early apoptotic cells, Q4: live cells. C, D Apoptosis rates (%) of MDA-MB-231 and A2780 cells treated with UiO-66, VIN, UiO-66–VIN, and UiO-66–VIN–PEG. Cells were exposed to half of their IC₅₀ concentration. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). Statistical significance: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001