Fig. 5

Gene expression analysis of apoptosis- and cell cycle-related markers. Expression levels of BAX, BCL2, CCND1, P53, and CDK4 in A MDA-MB-231 and B A2780 cells treated with IC₅₀ concentrations of UiO-66, VIN, UiO-66–VIN, and UiO-66–VIN–PEG for 48 h. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 for all comparisons