Table 2 Different pre-clinical evaluations of theranostic liposomal formulations for cancer therapy
Lipid composition | Therapeutic agent | Targeting agent/Guiding modality | Targeted tumor | Imaging agent | Main effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPC1: Chol2 | Docetaxel | Transferrin | Brain tumor | QD24 | ↑ Targeting efficiency and cellular internalization | (Sonali et al. 2016) |
DSPC3: DMPC4: EPC5: Chol | Topotecan | - | Cervical cancer cells | QD | ↑ biocompatibility and cellular uptake of the imaging agent/↑ cytotoxicity and efficacy of the therapeutic agent | (Seleci et al. 2017) |
DPPC: DSPE-PEG20005: DSPE-PEG20006 Folate: Rh-PE7: Chol | Paclitaxel/Vinorelbine | Folate | Non-small Cell Lung Cancer | Tc-99m25 | Metastasis cessation | (Karpuz et al. 2021) |
DPPC: DSPE-MPEG2000: Chol | Cinobufagin | - | Breast cancer | NIR carbon dots | ↑ carbon dots photoluminescence ↑ efficacy of the therapeutic agent | (Ren et al. 2019) |
DPPC: Chol | Docetaxel | RGD26 | Brain tumor | QD | Brain delivery of a theranostic NP27 | (Singh et al. 2016) |
DSPC: Chol: DSPE8 | Doxorubicin | anti-HER228 | Breast cancer | QD | efficient internalization in HER2-overexpressing tumor cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis | (Weng et al. 2008) |
DOPC9: DOPE10: Chol | – | – | melanoma | QD | efficient NP uptake by living cells in the absence of cell death/↑ penetration and retention into the tumor interstitium | (Al-Jamal et al. 2008) |
EPC: Chol | Docetaxel | Transferrin | Brain tumor | Gold NP | Brain delivery of a theranostic NP | (Sonkar et al. 2021) |
DPPC: DSPE-mPEG5k:Chol | – | NIR29 laser | Breast cancer | Iridium | ↑ radiotherapy efficacy | (Feng et al. 2018) |
HSPC11: DSPE-PEG2000: Chol | Doxorubicin | anti-MUC1 “humanized” monoclonal antibody hCTM01 | breast cancer/colon adenocarcinoma | ICG30 by multispectral optoacoustic tomography | non-invasive and longitudinal imaging of liposomal distribution within the MUC-1 positive tumors | (Lozano et al. 2015) |
DPPC: PEG2000-DSPE: egg yolk lecithin: Chol | Cilengitide | Magnetic field | Glioma | SPION31/QD | dual-imaging and therapeutic effect leading to resection of tumor by surgery | (Xu et al. 2018) |
POPC12: DSPE: DSPE Chol: Gd-DOTAMA13 | Doxorubicin | NCAM32 | Kaposi's Sarcoma | Gd | specific drug delivery and imaging by liposomes in NCAM-expressing tumors | (Grange et al. 2010) |
DPPC: HSPC: Chol: DPPE14-PEG2000: DOTA15-DSPE | Doxorubicin | MRI by ultrasound induced hyperthermia | Gliosarcoma | Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O) | ↑ concentration of the therapeutic agent | (de Smet et al. 2011) |
DOPE: DSPE-PEG2000: CHEMS16 | – | Folate | Ehrlich ascites carcinoma | Gadolinium-159 | ↑ survival | (Soares et al. 2015) |
DOPC: DSPE-PEG2000: Chol | Mitoxantrone | – | Mouth carcinoma | C11-BODIPY Lipid Peroxidation Sensor) | Stimulus sensing and controlled drug release | (Chen et al. 2019) |
DPPC: DSPC: MSPC17: PEG2000 -DSPE | Topotecan | ultrasound | Ovarian cancer | [Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)]/NIRF33 | Image-guidance drug delivery | (Centelles et al. 2018) |
MSPC: DPPC: DSPE-PEG-2000 | Doxorubicin | ultrasound | rabbit VX2 tumor model (a virus-induced anaplastic squamous cell carcinoma) | Gd/ultrasound | Image-guidance drug delivery | (Ranjan et al. 2012) |
DPPC: DOPE | Paclitaxel | ultrasound | Breast cancer/Head and neck cancer/pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | ultrasound | Ultrasound-Triggered imaging and drug delivery | (Prabhakar and Banerjee 2019) |
DPPC: DSPE-mPEG5k: Chol | Pyropheophorbide acid | – | Breast cancer | pyropheophorbide acid | PDT 34/multi-modal imaging features | (Zhou et al. 2019a) |
DPPC: DSPE-PEG2000: Chol | ICG perfluorooctyl bromide | Phototherapy | Breast cancer | ICG | Enhanced multi-modal imaging | (Sheng et al. 2018) |
POPC: chicken egg PG: DOTAP18: GdDTPA119: PEG2000-DPPE | ZnPc | PDT | Ovarian cancer | Gd/ZnPc35 | MRI dual imaging and synchronous PDT | (Skupin-Mrugalska et al. 2018) |
- | Au nanocages | PTT by NIR irradiation | melanoma | SERS36 imaging | In situ diagnosis Remote-controlled thermal demolition of cancerous cells | (Farahavar et al. 2021) |
DPPC: DSPE-PEG-NHS: DOTAP: Chol | ICG | RGD | laryngeal carcinoma | ICG | PTT37/PDT | (Wu et al. 2020) |
DSPC: DSPG-N: MPEG-2000- DSPE: Rhod-DMPE20 | Paclitaxel | RGD | non-small-cell lung cancer | Gd | ↑sensitivity/deep tissue penetration/good anticancer efficiency | (Ren et al. 2015) |
DPPC: DSPC | Doxorubicin/Gold Nanorods | FA38 | Breast cancer | Gold Nanorods | PTT/targeted internalization of nanohybrid followed by drug release in the cytoplasm and the nucleus | (Chauhan et al. 2017) |
Lecithin: Chol: DSPE-mPEG2000 | Tirapazamine | Laser-induced hypoxia | Breast cancer | Ce639 | A hypoxia-responsive drug-release nanosystem for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy | (Zhang et al. 2018) |
DSPE-PEG2000-Mal | Tirapazamine | cRGD | lung cancer | Ce6/GdIII | multimodal imaging (fluorescence/photoacoustic/magnetic resonance imaging) | (Dai et al. 2019) |
POPC21 | Curcumin | - | Melanoma | Peroxyoxalate/Curcumin | Detection of hydrogen peroxide at nanomolar levels | (Mohammadi et al. 2019) |
DPPC: Chol: Brij 78 | Doxorubicin | NIR | Breast cancer | Carbon QD | A theranostic stimuli-sensitive system with PTT capability | (Hashemi et al. 2019) |
DPPC: Brij78 | Doxorubicin | – | Carcinoma | Gd | MRI real-time monitoring of drug delivery with thermosensitive liposomes | (Tagami et al. 2011) |
Chol: soy lecithin | Doxorubicin | anti-HER2 peptide | Breast cancer | methylene blue attached NaYF4:Yb,Er | Chemo-PDT | (Panikar et al. 2019) |
DMPE: DSPE-PEG-2000 | ICG | – | Colon tumor | Gd | PTT and synchronous MRI guidance | (Dai et al. 2019) |
DPPC: Chol: DSPE-PEG2000 | Doxorubicin | NIR | Breast cancer | Cypate | PTT and bubble generation with thermosensitive liposomes | (Chen et al. 2017) |
DPPC: DSPE-PEG2000: Chol | Doxorubicin | Folate/NIR | epidermoid carcinoma/lung cancer | IR-780 | PTT and bubble generation with thermosensitive liposomes | (Guo et al. 2015) |
DPPC: Chol: DHSG22: DSPE-PEG5000 | Doxorubicin | External Magnetic Field | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | dextran-coated magnetic nanoparticles | ↑ Targeting efficiency | (Redolfi Riva et al. 2020) |
DPPC: Chol: DSPE-PEG2000 | Doxorubicin/ICG | NIR | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | ICG | ↑ antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin | (Zhou et al. 2019b) |
DMPC: POE23 | ICG | – | Breast cancer | ICG | Cancer diagnosis ability and synchronous therapy | (Ichihara et al. 2018) |
POPC: Chol: DSPE-mPEG2000 | Doxorubicin | EGFR40 | NSCLC | Copper-64 | Targeted therapy and imaging | (Jeong et al. 2024) |
DSPC: Chol: DSPE-mPEG2000 | – | Radiotherapeutics | Neuroendocrine carcinoma (H727) | Copper-64 Lutetium-177 | PET theranostic tracer for imaging | (Petersen et al. 2016) |
DSPC: Chol: DSPE-mPEG2000 | – | Radiotherapeutics | Head and neck cancer | Rhenium-188 | Inhibition of proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition | (Chang et al. 2018) |
EPC: DSPE-PEG2000: DSPE-PEG2000-MAL41, DOTAP: Chol | Docetaxel | GE11 peptide/siRNA against the ABCG2 gene | laryngeal cancer | - | regulates multidrug resistance | (Xu et al. 2017) |
Gd. DOTA.DSA42: CDAN43, DOPC: DSPE-PEG2000: DOPE-Rhodamine | Survivin siRNA | External Magnetic Field (MRI) | human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3) | Gd/ Rhodamine | Simultaneous MRI/fluorescence monitoring ↓ surviving expression | (Kenny et al. 2011) |
DOTAP: Chol: DSPE-PEG | PLK-1 siRNA | Gold nanorods by multispectral optoacoustic tomography | 4T1 (breast) and HT29 (colorectal) cancer cells | Gold nanorods/NIR-797 fluorescent | optoacoustic tomography combined with fluorescence cryo-slice imaging | (Taruttis et al. 2014) |
DMAPAP44:DOPE: DPPC: DSPC: PEG2000 PE45 | pFAR4-luc plasmid | Iron oxide External Magnetic Field (MRI) | CT-26 (colorectal carcinoma) | Iron oxide | image-guided gene delivery | (Do et al. 2020) |