Table 6 Key targets and therapeutic strategies involving CAFs
From: Nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts
Target | Function | Drug | Mechanism | Preclinical or clinical trials | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD-L1 | Promote T cell mediated | Adebrelimab (A humanized monoclonal antibody with high affinity) | PD-L1 antibody | Phase II | Yin et al. (2023) |
PD-L1 AND VEGFR | Inhibition of tumor escape and angiogenesis | Avelumab and axitinib | PD-L1 antibody AND tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) | Phase III | Choueiri et al. (2021) |
TGF-β | Inhibit CAFs activation | Galunisertib | Active inhibitor | Phase II | Faivre et al. (2019) |
TGFb | Inhibition of autologous lipase activity | Autogenous lipase inhibitor IOA-289 | Active inhibitor | Preclinical | Pietrobono et al. (2024) |
IGF-1 | Blocking the signal transduction between IGF-1 and its receptor | An inhibitor | Active inhibitor | Preclinical | Spandau et al. (2021) |
FGFR2 | Attenuate tumor activity | Futibatinib | FGFR1-4 inhibitor | Phase I | Goyal et al. (2023) |
Pin1 | Antibody binding to CAF | DNA encoding microcapsule system (DMS) | Pin1 inhibitor/active inhibitor | Preclinical | Liu et al. (2022c) |
Zinc finger binding protein 1 (ZBP1) | Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway | CBL0137 | A small-molecule compound/activator | Preclinical | Zhang et al. (2022a) |
Hypoxia inducible factor 1, 2 (HIF1、2) | Specifically cleave DNA sequences | CRISPR-Cas9 | Dual enzyme system | Preclinical | Garcia (2022) |
HIF2 | Inhibit hif2, inhibit cancer cells | Belzutifan | A small-molecule compound/active inhibitor | Phase III | Garcia (2022) |
Wnt2 molecule | Enhance the efficacy of ICI | Anti Wnt2 monoclonal antibody | Anti Wnt2 monoclonal antibody | Preclinical | Huang et al. (2022b) |
Integrin αvβ3 | Inducing apoptosis of triple negative breast cancer cells | ProAgio | Protein | Preclinical | Sharma et al. (2021) |
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) | Downregulated the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) | Therapeutic inhibitors (LLS30) | Active inhibitor | Preclinical | Tsai et al. (2022) |
CAFs and T cells | Reduce the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and reduce inflammation | Calcipotriol | Vitamin D analogs | Phase II | Gorchs et al. (2020) |