Nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts

Cancer Nanotechnology

Table 5 Key nanomaterial-based therapies currently in clinical trials

Nanomaterial type	Therapy name (if available)	Clinical trial phase	Cancer targeted	Mechanism of action	Refs
Liposomes	Doxil	Approved	Liver cancer, breast	Encapsulation of doxorubicin for tumor targeting and reduced toxicity	Xu et al. (2024b); Zhao et al. (2020)
Liposomes	Pembrolizumab-liposome	Phase II	Melanoma, NSCLC	Delivery of checkpoint inhibitor for improved immune activation	Sui et al. (2024); Zhang et al. (2013)
Polymeric nanoparticles	PLGA-paclitaxel	Phase I/II	Melanoma, rectal cancer	Controlled release of paclitaxel to reduce systemic side effects	Shen et al. (2023); He et al. (2024)
Gold nanoparticles	AuNP-IL-12 conjugate	Preclinical	Pancreatic, breast	Direct immune modulation by targeting CAFs and promoting immune cell infiltration	Agarwal et al. (2024); Luo et al. (2024a)
Iron oxide nanoparticles	Ferumoxytol	Phase II	Brain, liver	MRI-guided delivery and hyperthermia-induced tumor suppression	Cristofolini et al. (2020); Nicolás-Boluda et al. (2020)
Dendrimers	Dendrimer-methotrexate	Phase I	Leukemia, lymphoma	Controlled release to minimize toxicity and enhance tumor targeting	Feeney et al. (2022); Palombarini et al. (2021)

ISSN: 1868-6966