Table 1 Classification of nanomaterials
From: Nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts
Classification | Material name | Role | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
Nanoparticles | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Slow down the progression of pancreatic tumor in situ by affecting CAFs secretion | |
Photosensitizers (such as zinc phthalocyanine, heme) | Release reactive oxygen species under light to kill cancer cells | Li et al. (2018a) | |
Biomimetic nanoparticles | Nanoparticles modified by protein or peptide | Inhibition of breast cancer metastasis | |
Nanoparticles based on artificial collagen matrix | |||
Artificial micro-robot inspired by bacteria | |||
Inorganic nanomaterials | Polyvinyl alcohol nanoparticles | Enhancing the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs | Gu et al. (2021); Liang et al. (2022); Xu et al. (2022); Singh et al. (2024b); Zhao and Rodriguez (2013) |
Ong chain polyethylene glycol nanoparticles | |||
Polymeric nanomicelles | |||
Polylactic acid, long-chain polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, folate modified nanoparticles, liposome nanoparticles, pH-sensitive nanoparticles, heat sensitive nanoparticles, liposome nanoparticles with mitomycin on the surface | |||
Ferritin | It can be used as a drug delivery system and shows great potential in cancer treatment | Li et al. (2018a) | |
Graphene oxide | Killing cancer cells through a variety of mechanisms | ||
Quantum dots (QDs) | QDs conjugated with CAF-specific ligands can help visualize CAF distribution within the TME | ||
Magnetic nanoparticles | Increasing the local concentration of therapeutic agent and reduce off-target effect Selectively damaging CAF and destroying ECM helps immune cells and drugs reach the tumor core more efficiently | Wang et al. (2023b); Ferraz et al. (2020); Mardhian et al. (2020) | |
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | AuNPs can be used for photothermal therapy Imaging enhancement, which can enhance contrast in CT scans | Yang et al. (2021); Ramesh et al. (2022); Hosseini et al. (2022) | |
Organic inorganic hybrid nanomaterials | Magnetic nanoparticles | It can be used as a drug delivery system and shows great potential in cancer treatment 30 | |
Polymer nanomaterials | Killing cancer cells through a variety of mechanisms | ||
Liposome nanoparticles | Positioning and control, so as to be used for precise treatment and diagnosis of tumors | Zhu et al. (2023) | |
Fatty acidified peptide nanoparticles | Enhancing the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs | Xu et al. (2022); Zhao and Rodriguez (2013); Fei et al. (2023); Ma et al. (2021); Qiu et al. (2019); Chattrairat et al. (2023); Kitano et al. (2021) | |
Nanovesicle | Increase the accumulation of drugs in tumor tissues and reduce toxic and side effects | ||
Nanowires | It can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, thus achieving the treatment of brain tumors | ||
Nanotube | Directly interact with tumor cells, induce apoptosis or block their growth | ||
Fibronectin (FN), transferrin receptor, integrin, MMP-2, TFR, | Regulate the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the tumor microenvironment, thereby affecting the movement and localization of tumor cells | Qin et al. (2017) | |
Liposomes | Directly interact with tumor cells, induce apoptosis or block their growth | Chen et al. (2022) | |
Drug-loaded nanospheres, drug-loaded nanotubes, drug-loaded nanovesicles | Targeting specific receptors on the surface of tumor cells to achieve selective killing of tumor cells | ||
Conventional nanomaterials | Polylactic acid, long-chain polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, folate modified nanoparticles, liposome nanoparticles, pH-sensitive nanoparticles, heat sensitive nanoparticles, liposome nanoparticles with mitomycin on the surface | Increase the accumulation of drugs in tumor tissues and reduce toxic and side effects; PH sensitive nanoparticles can release drugs in acidic environment; thermosensitive nanoparticles can kill tumor cells by heating; Lipid with mitomycin on the surface | Gu et al. (2021); Liang et al. (2022); Xu et al. (2022); Zhao and Rodriguez (2013) |