Fig. 3

Detection of γ-H2AX foci via immunofluorescence staining. In untreated cells (control), γ-H2AX foci were most undetected, followed by a notable increase only in irradiation. In contrast, combining treatment between HSA/ZnO-NPs and irradiation exhibited persistent γ-H2AX foci, which were almost prominent and delectable in a radiation-dependent manner. These observations are illustrated for HeLa cell lines, highlighting the potential role of combining treatment between HSA/ZnO-NPs and irradiation in extending DNA damage markers and possibly enhancing cellular radiosensitivity