Fig. 4

a The effect of different treatment modalities on antioxidants activities, capacities and MDA in all study groups; 1. GSH (mg/dl): F(P): F = 369.255 p < 0.001*, 2. GR (mU/ml): F = 332.999 p < 0.001*, 3. GST (U/ml): F = 716.937 p < 0.001*, 4. GPx (mU/ml): F = 1.534E4 p < 0.001*, 5. SOD (U/ml): F = 3.905E6 p < 0.001*, 6. CAT (mU/ml): F = 1.733E5 p < 0.001*, 7. TAC (mM/L): F = 365.105 p < 0.001*, 8. MDA (nmol/ml): F = 9.878E4 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with normal group, ^b: Significant with lung cancer untreated group, ^c: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^d: Significant with laser only group, ^e: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^f: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. b The effect of different treatment modalities on renal and hepatic biomarkers in all study groups; F: value for ANOVA test 1. ALT (U/l): F = 9.568E3 p < 0.001*, 2. AST (U/l): F = 1.861E5 p < 0.001*, 3. Urea (mg/dl): F = 4.549 E3 p < 0.001*, 4. Creatinine (mg/dl): F = 531.321 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with normal group, ^b: Significant with lung cancer untreated group, ^c: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^d: Significant with laser only group, ^e: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^f: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. c The effect of different treatment modalities on p53, Bax, Caspase (9,3), TNF alpha, VEGF, Bcl-2 qRT-PCR relative genes expressions in all study groups; F: value for ANOVA test. p53 F = 693.721 p < 0.001*, Bax F = 1.191E3 p < 0.001*, Caspase 9 F = 1.090E3 p < 0.001*, Caspase 3 F = 899.872 p < 0.001*, TNFalpha F = 400.998 p < 0.001*, VEGF F = 199.784 p < 0.001*, Bcl-2 F = 237.176 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with normal group, ^b: Significant with lung cancer untreated group, ^c: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^d: Significant with laser only group, ^e: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^f: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. d The H&E lung tissue stained section demonstrating the effect of different treatment modalities on cellular level in all study groups; 1. normal untreated group, 2. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group without any treatment, 3. CCF@HIONP treated group without activation, 4. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with laser only, 5. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with laser in presence of CCF@HIONP, 6. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with high-frequency ultrasound only, 7. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with high-frequency ultrasound in presence of CCF@HIONP, 8. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with combined modalities laser/high-frequency ultrasound only, 9. benzo[a]pyrene induced LCA group treated with combined modalities laser/high-frequency ultrasound in presence of CCF@HIONP