Fig. 3

a The effect of different treatment modalities on lung cancer (A549) cell viability; a. microscopic investigations and b. dose response curve in all in vitro study groups; cell viability (%): F = 5.996 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with A549 untreated group, ^b: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^c: Significant with laser only group, ^d: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^e: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. b The effect of different treatment modalities on lung cancer (A549) cell cycle distribution in all in vitro study groups; SubG1(%):F(P): F = 158.397E3 p < 0.001*, G0/G1(%): F = 27.168 p < 0.001*, S(%): F = 56.195 p < 0.001*, G2/M(%): F = 36.376 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with A549 untreated group, ^b: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^c: Significant with laser only group, ^d: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^e: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. c The effect of different treatment modalities on lung cancer (A549) apoptosis and necrosis in all in vitro study groups; early apoptosis (%): F = 42.702 p < 0.001*, late apoptosis (%): F = 278.757 p < 0.001*, early and late apoptosis (%): F = 259.834 p < 0.001*, necrosis (%): F = 34.113 p < 0.001*, total cell death (%): F = 1.297E3 p < 0.001*.^a: Significant with A549 untreated group, ^b: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^c: Significant with laser only group, ^d: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^e: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. d The effect of different treatment modalities on lung cancer (A549) autophagy in all in vitro study groups; autophagy (%): F = 97.107 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with A549 untreated group, ^b: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^c: Significant with laser only group, ^d: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^e: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group. e The effect of different treatment modalities on lung cancer (A549) migration; 1. A549 untreated, 2. A549 treated with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only, 3. A549 treated with CCF@HIONP + laser + high-frequency ultrasound. wound clousure-24h (%): F = 2.329E3 p < 0.001*, wound clousure-48h (%): F = 830.700 p < 0.001*, wound clousure-24h (%): F = 798.931 p < 0.001*. ^a: Significant with A549 untreated group, ^b: Significant with CCF@HIONP treated only group, ^c: Significant with laser only group, ^d: Significant with high-frequency ultrasound only group, ^e: Significant with laser + high-frequency ultrasound only group