Fig. 1

Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of NPs. TEM images of (a) bTiO₂@mSiO₂@Gd and (b) bTiO₂@mSiO₂@Gd/R848 at different magnifications. c FTIR spectra_, d particle sizes, e zeta potentials, and (f) UV—visible spectra of the NPs