Fig. 2

Aptamer conjugation as assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study, and agarose gel electrophoresis, and aptamer–PSMA binding by molecular docking. A XPS graph for combined ABR-NP and Apt-ABR-NP, B XPS graph for enlarged N1s peak of Apt-ABR-NP, C XPS graph for enlarged N1s peak of ABR-NP, D aptamer conjugation to ABR-NP using agarose gel electrophoresis, E aptamer–PSMA (Protein data bank, PDB: 1Z8L) interactions by hydrogen bonding through molecular docking; F aptamer–PSMA (PDB: 1Z8L) hydrophobic interactions through molecular docking