Fig. 3

in vitro tumour killing effect. After C6 cells were incubated with DOX, DOX@NGs, or DOX@PNGs at the same DOX concentration of 5 μg/mL for 24 h, A the Annexin V-FITC/PI detection kit was used to detect their ability to undergo apoptosis induced by various nano-preparations. B Fluorescence images of the mitochondria of C6 cells damaged by NGs; red = normal mitochondria; scale bar = 100 μm. C Flow cytometry quantitative analysis of the ability of different preparations to induce apoptosis in C6 cells; n = 3. D Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensities of the C6 cells of the JC-1 aggregate calculated according to B. E Flow cytometry analysis of the ratio of JC-1 monomer/polymer in the mitochondria of C6 cells; n = 3. Error bars represent the means ± SD; n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001