Fig. 8
From: Nanobio applications of quantum dots in cancer: imaging, sensing, and targeting
Common methods used for the QD biofunctionization including: (a) direct linkage to the TOPO-coated QDs [biomolecules can be linked including thiolated DNA (ligand exchange)] or peptides with adhesive domains, (b) electrostatic interaction, and (c) covalent linking (Xing and Rao 2008)